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You need shin pads mainly in football to prevent serious injurys to your leg and lower ankle. Shin pads have developed down the years to give you more leg support and they invented ankle pads to give you more protection on your lower part of your leg and top of your ankle.Shin Pads can save you from serious injurys if you break your leg it can be very serious but if you wear shin pads the break can not be as bad.Shin Pads are made of Fibreglass which makes the stiff and more secure and sturdy but there special lightweight which doesnt make them heavy. Foam rubber is is very light but not as sturdy as the fibreglass,Polyurethane this makes it more heavy and so you dont get as much impact on the tackles, also plastic which is another type it is less protective and doesn't help alot. 

You need a head gaurd in amature boxing to protect you from concusion and serious head injuries.  This protects your brain because you are constantly getting punched in the head. Its important to wear head guards incase you get a very serious brain injury or head injury , head guards take the impact of your head from the punches being thrown at you. Head guards are made of alot of rubber which takes impact of the punch off you head they are also made of cowhide leather for more protection for the chin , ears , and cheeks.

You need gum sheilds in rugby and also in boxing to prevent serious mouth injury. Gum shields help you protect your mouths they are used to stop any serious injurys to your mouth.Gum Shields was invented to protect your mouth they are used in sport so you don't get any broke or damage anything in your mouth. Gum shields are made of solid plastic and different materials to give you full protection of your teeth and your gums in contact sports such as rugby and hockey.

Football boots have changed over the years because in them days when they had these sort of boots they didn't really give you that much support on your feet and ankles they have improved nowadays because they have more protection and more support for your feet. You have to make sure the studs are the same size so you don't hurt anyone. You should always check your studs incase you are in danger off injury someone seriously or yourself.v In the 19th century the football boots was made of very very thin leather but now a days they are made with thick leather and you can have very different materials on your football boots.